判決原文
REALTIME ADAPTIVE STREAMING v. NETFLIX, INC, No. 2021-1484 (Fed. Cir. July 27, 2022)
案件整理
Realtime Adaptive Streaming ("Realtime") 在德拉瓦州地院訴Netflix專利侵權,Netflix在USPTO針對Realtime的專利請求開啟多方複審程序,並在法院聲請將訴訟移轉至北加州。USPTO同意開啟多方複審程序,法院則駁回訴訟移轉聲請,理由是Realtime主張將訴訟移轉到北加州會造成其訴訟上的不便與不公平的負擔。
後來德拉瓦州地院的magistrate judge遞交了一份報告給法官,建議裁定Realtime的專利因不適格而無效。在法官做出裁定的前夕,Realtime主動撤銷了訴訟,並且在中加州法院重新提起對Netflix的專利侵權訴訟。Netflix隨即聲請中加州法院將訴訟移轉回之前已經打到一半的德拉瓦地院,Realtime這次又主動撤訴。
Netflix不勝其擾,於是向中加州法院聲請裁定Realtime應該依美國專利法285條或聯邦民事訴訟法第41(d)條支付Netflix律師費。中加州法院裁定Realtime應就中加州訴訟的部分,支付Netflix律師費,達拉瓦州訴訟與多方複審的律師費部分,則遭中加州地院拒絕。雙方均上訴。
聯邦巡迴上訴法院認為:
地方法院具備本有權能要求訴訟當事人支付對方律師費:
A district court “may award attorneys’ fees when the interests of justice so require.” Hall v. Cole, 412 U.S. 1, 4–5(1973). The Supreme Court has repeatedly recognized the propriety of such an award when a party has “acted in bad faith, vexatiously, wantonly, or for oppressive reasons.” Chambers, 501 U.S. at 45–46 (quoting Alyeska PipelineServ. Co. v. Wilderness Soc’y, 421 U.S. 240, 258–59 (1975));see also Roadway Express, Inc. v. Piper, 447 U.S. 752, 766 (1980).Realtime的行為是不被允許跟不正義的管轄法院選擇行為,目的為嘗試避免或延遲對其不利的判決。上訴法院話說得很重,認為本案事實所呈現的 "明目張膽的花言巧語",構成不正當目的的故意行為,與惡意沒兩樣,在地方法院依其本有權能處罰當事人的範圍內:
Accordingly, there is nothing erroneous about the conclusion that Realtime “impermissibly” and “unjustifi[ably]”engaged in forum-shopping in attempt to avoid or delay an adverse ruling. Id. at *6–7. The blatant gamesmanship presented by the facts of this case constitutes a willful action for an improper purpose, tantamount to bad faith, and therefore within the bounds of activities sanctionable under a court’s inherent power in view of the Ninth Circuit’s standard.關於多方複審,缺乏充分證據證明USPTO開啟多方複審程序,就可以支持Realtime的訴訟是徒勞無功的:
Although the petitions for inter partes review were instituted during the pendency of the Delaware action, the district court found it did not have sufficient evidence to determine whether institution alone “should have served to apprise Realtime of the futility of its litigation efforts.”
基於以上理由,上訴法院維持了地方法院關於律師費的見解。
實務要點這個案子值得注意的,是支付律師費的依據,是 "法院本有權能"。本案其實關於實質的攻擊防禦方法,法院並沒有做出判斷 (每次法院要判斷時,原告就撤訴)。因此重點是如果訴訟上的程序行為,包括選擇管轄法院,被認為是構成不正當目的的故意行為,與惡意沒兩樣,那麼就有可能被法院要求支付對方律師費。關於這點日後在與律師討論訴訟進行方式時,需要多加留意。
此外,本案沒有判斷當事人是否可以依美國專利法第285條請求律師費。直覺判斷應該是不行,因為285條的要件之一是判給 "prevailing party",而本案狀況很難說Netflix是prevailing party。所以就算這個案件被認為是exceptional case,Netflix應該也很難依美國專利法第285條請求律師費。 關於這點,日後可持續觀察法院的實務動態。
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